International Journal of Immunology and Microbiology

Study of the Association between Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Primary open angle Glaucoma in China

Jianwei Zhou, Yu Li, Liang Han, Xiaoqing Chen, Dianyi Wang

To assess the relationship between Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG); and meantime, to explore the possible mechanism of POAG induced by Hp. Methods: 30 consecutive POAG patients, 30 primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) and cataract patients were recruited and divided into three groups according to different diseases. The sera and aqueous humor samples were collected and used to detect Hp-specific IgG antibody (Hp-Ab) with dot immunogold filtration assay (DIGFA). 14C-urea breath test (14C-UBT) was carried out to detect Hp infection of all participants. Results: The Hp-Ab positive rate respectively was 76.7% (23/30) and 66.7% in sera samples and aqueous humor samples for POAG group, which was significantly higher than the corresponding data of the other two groups (all P<0.05). In 14C-UBT, the Hp-Ab positive rate was 63.3% in POAG group and it was close to that of serological result detected by DIGFA (P>0.05). There were little numbers of positive ANA and ENA in the three groups and no meaning to make statistically analysis. Conclusions: There is positive association between Hp infection and POAG, and the autoimmune is suggested as one of the key mechanisms in our opinions. 

Prediction of multi-epitopic domains of a putative oral vaccine against hepatitis C virus

Olatunde Micheal Adeoti, Aanuoluwa Victoria Akinsooto, Elisabeth Olajumoke Adedokun, Opeyemi Joy Olaoye

Hepatitis C is a disease caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV): the virus can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis, ranging in severity from mild illness lasting a couple of weeks to a significant live long illness. Hepatitis C is that the major explanation for cancer of the liver. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) may be a RNA virus known to infect human and chimpanzees, causing similar disease in these 2 species. HCV is most frequently transmitted parenterally but is additionally transmitted vertically and sexually (MMWR Recomm Rep. 1998).  It also requires less exposure that HIV to cause infection (Te HS, Jensen DM. 2010). HCV may be a leading explanation for chronic disease within the world [Williams et al., 2006]. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 170 million people are infected with HCV globally and 3 - 4 million new infections occur annually (Madhava et al. 2002). Despite decades of research, there's still no effective vaccine available for HCV thanks to high genetic heterogeneity for the HCV RNA (Manns et al. 2017). Despite its high prevalence and highly infectious nature, HCV remains under-diagnosed and underreported in Africa (with the exception of Egypt). Most of the available data on HCV in Africa are old and outdated. We therefore began to review available medical literature on HCV in Africa with a view to determining the prevalence, disease burden and customary transmission modes. Additionally, we draw attention to diagnosis, treatment and prevention of HCV.

COVID-19 treatments and vaccines: A year in review

Joseph F. Murphy

The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has precipitated an enormous collaborative global effort within the scientific and medical community in search of therapeutic and preventative solutions. The aim of this review is to collate the key developments regarding pharmacological treatments tested and vaccine candidates that have been approved to treat and arrest the spread of COVID-19.  

Distinctive Molecular typing of 16S rRNA of Bacillus species isolated from farm settlement.

Olatunde Micheal Adeoti, Abidemi Bello. H., Elisabeth Olajumoke Adedokun,Kafilat Adenike Komolafe K, David Ademo Adesina, Opeyemi Joy Olaoy

There are numerous methods of isolating and detecting organisms that are similar and closely related; one of the most reliable method is molecular typing of 16S rRNA. Apart from being omnipresent as a multigene family, or operons; it is evolutionarily stable; the 16S rRNA gene (1,500 bp) is large enough for informatics purposes.

Thyroidism Effect on Alopecia Patients in Pakistan

Muhhamd Waqar Mazhar

TSH is hormone is secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and stimulate the secretions of the thyroid gland. Its secretions are controlled by the TSH-R on the epithelial cells of the thyroid gland. It controls the production of the thyroxin hormone from thyroid gland that is involved in the production of heat and energy. But the excessive amount of this hormone leads to the hair fall in some of the peoples. Hyper thyroidism correlates with the human skin and hair structure and its function. In case of hyperthyroidism hair bulb cell proliferation increases and hence hair fall rate also increases. While in case of hypothyroidism the bulb cell proliferation reduces and so, hair fall increases. Samples from different regions of the south Punjab were taken that were analyzed by the special chemistry analyzer (minividas). The concentrations of the T4, T3, and TSH were measured. Some of the alopecia patients were recorded high level TSH. The patients were treated with thyroxin tablets that reduces TSH level. After that the patients are also treated with hair fin tab, folli one shampoo, wistin tab, and multivitamins. Now the patients were observed with microscope. The growth of hair follicles and hairs were recorded. Hence, thyroxin tab use to decrease TSH level in body for 1 month. Hair fin tab, folli one shampoo, wistin tab and multivitamins are best treatment methods for the growth of hairs in alopecia patients.

Keywords: TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

Aspects Concerning Development of Vaccine and Vaccination

Liana Monica DEAC

Vaccines can prevent or ameliorate infectious diseases morbidity and mortality. Vaccines generate immunity across the body as a whole, but they can also provoke specific immune responses in specific bodily areas. Vaccination includes various ways of administering immunogenes.  Edward Jenner is considered the founder of vaccinology. With his importnata studies it was figured out that when a sufficiently large percentage of a population has been vaccinated, herd immunity results. The revolution of genetic engineering toward the end of the 20th century has greatly impacted vaccine development. Understanding the nature and cause of disease provides a basis for preventive action and control as even to improve the life quality by using the vaccination in the world 

In-silico structural and phylogenetic analysis of human beta globin gene family

Hamza Ali, Javeria Umber, Hassan Raffique, Muhammad Waqar Mazhar, Mahrosh Anjam, Sara Batool

There are 5 members of the human beta globin gene family. They have blood transportation function. There are some diseases related to the mutation in these gene. the common disease related to mutation these genes are sickle cell anemia, thalassemia etc.  The structural and phylogenetic analysis is performed by using some bioinformatics tools. The gene sequence is retrieved and run under some tools to perform the specific analysis. The analysis performed include are similarity with other organism, determination of conserved domains and motifs, multiple sequence alignment, generation of phylogenetic tree, identification of exons and introns and determination of restriction sites. And the tools used for these analyses are BLASTP, pfam, clustal omega, MEGA7, gene structure display tool and serial cloner respectively. This study came out with a result that the genes diverged due to duplication and then mutation. The gene contain mostly non coding portion but there are 3 exons and 2 introns. The length of 2 introns is far more than that of 3 exons. In future the techniques like CRISPR/cas gene editing tool will be used to treat the disease related the beta globin gene family.

Key words: human beta globin gene, bioinformatics study of HBB, genome wise study of HBB, Beta subunit, hemoglobin beta subunit.

Can Infectious Diseases Be Prevented?

Haris S. Ansari , Pranav Adithya Navath

A study of infectious disease is described. The infectious disease pandemic has focused an intense spotlight on respiratory precautions for healthcare workers managing patients with respiratory viral infections. The author is discussed about the infections and recommended precautions for its prevention